Franchise Rule
Title 16--Commercial Practices;
Revised as of January 1, 1986
CHAPTER I--FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
SUBCHAPTER D--TRADE REGULATION RULES
PART 436--DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS AND PROHIBITIONS CONCERNING FRANCHISING AND
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY VENTURES
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16 CFR 436.1
In connection with the advertising, offering, licensing, contracting, sale, or
other promotion in or affecting commerce, as "commerce" is defined in the
Federal Trade Commission Act, of any franchise, or any relationship which is
represented either orally or in writing to be a franchise, it is an unfair or
deceptive act or practice within the meaning of section 5 of that Act for any
franchisor or franchise broker:
(a) To fail to furnish any prospective franchisee with the following information
accurately, clearly, and concisely stated, in a legible, written document at the
earlier of the "time for making of disclosures or the first "personal meeting":
(1) (i) The official name and address and principal place of business of the
franchisor, and of the parent firm or holding company of the franchisor, if any;
(ii) The name under which the franchisor is doing or intends to do business; and
(iii) The trademarks, trade names, service marks, advertising or other
commercial symbols (hereinafter collectively referred to as "marks") which
identify the goods, commodities, or services to be offered, sold, or distributed
by the prospective franchisee, or under which the prospective franchisee will be
operating.(2) The business experience during the past 5 years, stated individually, of
each of the franchisor's current directors and executive officers (including,
and hereinafter to include, the chief executive and chief operating officer,
financial, franchise marketing, training and service officers). With regard to
each person listed, those persons' principal occupations and employers must be
included.
(3) The business experience of the franchisor and the franchisor's parent firm
(if any), including the length of time each:
(i) Has conducted a business of the type to be operated by the franchisee;
(ii) has offered or sold a franchise for such business;
(iii) has conducted a business or offered or sold a franchise for a business:
(A) operating under a name using any mark set forth under paragraph (a)(1)(iii)
of this section, or
(B) involving the sale, offering, or distribution of goods, commodities, or
services which are identified by any mark set forth under paragraph (a)(1)(iii)
of this section; and
(iv) has offered for sale or sold franchises in other lines of business,
together with a description of such other lines of business.
(4) A statement disclosing who, if any, of the persons listed in paragraphs (a)
(2) and (3) of this section:
(i) Has, at any time during the previous seven fiscal years, been convicted of a
felony or pleaded nolo contendere to a felony charge if the felony involved
fraud (including violation of any franchise law, or unfair or deceptive
practices law), embezzlement, fraudulent conversion, misappropriation of
property, or restraint of trade;
(ii) Has, at any time during the previous seven fiscal years, been held liable
in a civil action resulting in a final judgment or has settled out of court any
civil action or is a party to any civil action:
(A) involving allegations of fraud (including violation of any franchise law, or
unfair or deceptive practices law), embezzlement, fraudulent conversion,
misappropriation of property, or restraint of trade, or
(B) which was brought by a present or former franchisee or franchisees and which
involves or involved the franchise relationship; Provided, however, That only
material individual civil actions need be so listed pursuant to this paragraph
(4)(ii), including any group of civil actions which, irrespective of the
materiality of any single such action, in the aggregate is material;(iii) Is subject to any currently effective State or Federal agency or court
injunctive or restrictive order, or is a party to a proceeding currently pending
in which such order is sought, relating to or affecting franchise activities or
the franchisor-franchisee relationship, or involving fraud (including violation
of any franchise law, or unfair or deceptive practices law), embezzlement,
fraudulent conversion, misappropriation of property, or restraint of trade. Such statement shall set forth the identity and location of the court or agency;
the date of conviction, judgment, or decision; the penalty imposed; the damages
assessed; the terms of settlement or the terms of the order; and the date,
nature, and issuer of each such order or ruling. A franchisor may include a
summary opinion of counsel as to any pending litigation, but only if counsel's
consent to the use of such opinion is included in the disclosure statement.
(5) A statement disclosing who, if any, of the persons listed in paragraphs (a)
(2) and (3) of this section at any time during the previous 7fiscal years has:
(i) Filed in bankruptcy;
(ii) Been adjudged bankrupt;
(iii) Been reorganized due to insolvency; or
(iv) Been a principal, director, executive officer, or partner of any other
person that has so filed or was so adjudged or reorganized, during or within 1
year after the period that such person held such position in such other person.
If so, the name and location of the person having so filed, or having been so
adjudged or reorganized, the date thereof, and any other material facts relating
thereto, shall be set forth.(6) A factual description of the franchise offered to be sold by the franchisor.
(7) A statement of the total funds which must be paid by the franchisee to the
franchisor or to a person affiliated with the franchisor, or which the
franchisor or such affiliated person imposes or collects in whole or in part on
behalf of a third party, in order to obtain or commence the franchise operation,
such as initial franchise fees, deposits, down payments, prepaid rent, and
equipment and inventory purchases. If all or part of these fees or deposits are
returnable under certain conditions, these conditions shall be set forth; and if
not returnable, such fact shall be disclosed.
(8) A statement describing any recurring funds required to be paid, in
connection with carrying on the franchise business, by the franchisee to the
franchisor or to a person affiliated with the franchisor, or which the
franchisor or such affiliated person imposes or collects in whole or in part on
behalf of a third party, including, but not limited to, royalty, lease,
advertising, training, and sign rental fees, and equipment or inventory
purchases.
(9) A statement setting forth the name of each person (including the franchisor)
the franchisee is directly or indirectly required or advised to do business with
by the franchisor, where such persons are affiliated with the franchisor.
(10) A statement describing any real estate, services, supplies, products,
inventories, signs, fixtures, or equipment relating to the establishment or the
operation of the franchise business which the franchisee is directly or
indirectly required by the franchisor to purchase, lease or rent; and if such
purchases, leases or rentals must be made from specific persons (including the
franchisor) , a list of the names and addresses of each such person. Such list
may be made in a separate document delivered to the prospective franchisee with
the prospectus if the existence of such separate document is disclosed in the
prospectus.
(11) A description of the basis for calculating, and, if such information is
readily available, the actual amount of, any revenue or other consideration to
be received by the franchisor or persons affiliated with the franchisor from
suppliers to the prospective franchisee in consideration for goods or services
which the franchisor requires or advises the franchisee to obtain from such
suppliers.
(12) (i) A statement of all the material terms and conditions of any financing
arrangement offered directly or indirectly by the franchisor, or any person
affiliated with the franchisor, to the prospective franchisee; and
(ii) A description of the terms by which any payment is to be received by the
franchisor from (A) any person offering financing to a prospective franchisee;
and (B) any person arranging for financing for a prospective franchisee.(13) A statement describing the material facts of whether, by the terms of the
franchise agreement or other device or practice, the franchisee is:
(i) Limited in the goods or services he or she may offer for sale;
(ii) Limited in the customers to whom he or she may sell such goods or services;
(iii) Limited in the geographic area in which he or she may offer for sale r
sell goods or services; or
(iv) Granted territorial protection by the franchisor, by which, with respect to
a territory or area,
(A) the franchisor will not establish another, or more than any fixed number of,
franchises or company-owned outlets, either operating under, or selling,
offering or distributing goods, commodities or services, identified by any mark
set forth under paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section; or
(B) the franchisor or its parent will not establish other franchises or
company-owned outlets selling or leasing the same or similar products or
services under a different trade name, trademark, service mark, advertising or
other commercial symbol.(14) A statement of the extent to which the franchisor requires the franchisee
(or, if the franchisee is a corporation, any person affiliated with the
franchisee) to participate personally in the direct operation of the franchise.
(15) A statement disclosing, with respect to the franchise agreement and any
related agreements:
(i) The term (i.e., duration of arrangement), if any, of such agreement, and
whether such term is or may be affected by any agreement (including leases or
subleases) other than the one from which such term arises;
(ii) The conditions under which the franchisee may renew or extend;
(iii) The conditions under which the franchisor may refuse to renew or extend;
(iv) The conditions under which the franchisee may terminate;
(v) The conditions under which the franchisor may terminate;
(vi) The obligations (including lease or sublease obligations) of the franchisee
after termination of the franchise by the franchisor, and the obligations of the
franchisee (including lease or sublease obligations) after termination of the
franchise by the franchisee and after the expiration of the franchise;
(vii) The franchisee's interest upon termination of the franchise, or upon
refusal to renew or extend the franchise, whether by the franchisor or by the
franchisee;
(viii) The conditions under which the franchisor may repurchase, whether by
right of first refusal or at the option of the franchisor (and if the franchisor
has the option to repurchase the franchise, whether there will be an independent
appraisal of the franchise, whether the repurchase price will be determined by a
predetermined formula and whether there will be a recognition of goodwill or
other intangibles associated therewith in there purchase price to be given the
franchisee);
(ix) The conditions under which the franchisee may sell or assign all or any
interest in the ownership of the franchise, or of the assets of the franchise
business;
(x) The conditions under which the franchisor may sell or assign, in whole or in
part, its interest under such agreements;
(xi) The conditions under which the franchisee may modify;
(xii) The conditions under which the franchisor may modify;
(xiii) The rights of the franchisee's heirs or personal representative upon the
death or incapacity of the franchisee; and
(xiv) The provisions of any covenant not to compete.(16) A statement disclosing, with respect to the franchisor and as to the
particular named business being offered:
(i) The total number of franchises operating at the end of the preceding fiscal
year;
(ii) The total number of company-owned outlets operating at the end of the
preceding fiscal year;
(iii) The names, addresses, and telephone numbers of:
(A) The 10 franchised outlets of the named franchise business nearest the
prospective franchisee's intended location; or
(B) all franchisees of the franchisor; or
(C) all franchisees of the franchisor in the State in which the prospective
franchisee lives or where the proposed franchise is to be located, Provided,
however, That there are more than 10 such franchisees. If the number of
franchisees to be disclosed pursuant to paragraph (a)(16)(iii)(B) or (C) of this
section exceeds 50, such listing may be made in a separate document delivered to
the prospective franchisee with the prospectus if the existence of such separate
document is disclosed in the prospectus;(iv) The number of franchises voluntarily terminated or not renewed by
franchisees within, or at the conclusion of, the term of the franchise agreement,
during the preceding fiscal year;
(v) The number of franchises reacquired by purchase by the franchisor during the
term of the franchise agreement, and upon the conclusion of the term of the
franchise agreement, during the preceding fiscal year;
(vi) The number of franchises otherwise reacquired by the franchisor during the
term of the franchise agreement, and upon the conclusion of the term of the
franchise agreement, during the preceding fiscal year;
(vii) The number of franchises for which the franchisor refused renewal of the
franchise agreement or other agreements relating to the franchise during the
preceding fiscal year; and
(viii) The number of franchises that were canceled or terminated by the
franchisor during the term of the franchise agreement, and upon conclusion of
the term of the franchise agreement, during the preceding fiscal year.
With respect to the disclosures required by paragraphs (a)(16)(v), (vi), (vii),
and (viii) of this section, the disclosure statement shall also include a
general categorization of the reasons for such reacquisition's, refusals to renew
or terminations, and the number falling within each such category, including but
not limited to the following: failure to comply with quality control standards,
failure to make sufficient sales, and other breaches of contract.
(17) (i) If site selection or approval thereof by the franchisor is involved in
the franchise relationship, a statement disclosing the range of time that has
elapsed between signing of franchise agreements or other agreements relating to
the franchise and site selection, for agreements entered into during the
preceding fiscal year; and
(ii) If operating franchise outlets are to be provided by the franchisor, a
statement disclosing the range of time that has elapsed between the signing of
franchise agreements or other agreements relating to the franchise and the
commencement of the franchisee's business, for agreements entered into during
the preceding fiscal year.
With respect to the disclosures required by paragraphs (a)(17)(i) and (ii) of
this section, a franchisor may at its option also provide a distribution chart
using meaningful classifications with respect to such ranges of time.
(18) If the franchisor offers an initial training program or informs the
prospective franchisee that it intends to provide such person with initial
training, a statement disclosing:
(i) The type and nature of such training;
(ii) The minimum amount, if any, of training that will be provided to a
franchisee; and
(iii) The cost, if any, to be borne by the franchisee for the training to be
provided, or for obtaining such training.(19) If the name of a public figure is used in connection with a recommendation
to purchase a franchise, or as a part of the name of the franchise operation, or
if the public figure is stated to be involved with the management of the
franchisor, a statement disclosing:
(i) The nature and extent of the public figure's involvement and obligations to
the franchisor, including but not limited to the promotional assistance the
public figure will provide to the franchisor and to the franchisee;
(ii) The total investment of the public figure in the franchise operation; and
(iii) The amount of any fee or fees the franchisee will be obligated to pay for
such involvement or assistance provided by the public figure.(20) (i) A balance sheet (statement of financial position) for the franchisor
for the most recent fiscal year, and an income statement (statement of results
of operations) and statement of changes in financial position for the franchisor
for the most recent 3 fiscal years. Such statements are required to have been
examined in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards by an
independent certified or licensed public accountant. Provided, however, That where a franchisor is a subsidiary of another
corporation which is permitted under generally accepted accounting principles to
prepare financial statements on a consolidated or combined statement basis, the
above information may be submitted for the parent if: (A) the corresponding
un-audited financial statements of the franchisor are also provided, and (B) the
parent absolutely and irrevocably has agreed to guarantee all obligations of the
subsidiary;
(ii) Un-audited statements shall be used only to the extent that audited
statements have not been made, and provided that such statements are accompanied
by a clear and conspicuous disclosure that they are un-audited. Statements shall
be prepared on an audited basis as soon as practicable, but, at a minimum,
financial statements for the first full fiscal year following the date on which
the franchisor must first comply with this part shall contain a balance sheet
opinion prepared by an independent certified or licensed public accountant, and
financial statements for the following fiscal year shall be fully audited.21) All of the foregoing information in paragraphs (a) (1) through (20) of this
section shall be contained in a single disclosure statement or prospectus, which
shall not contain any materials or information other than that required by this
part or by State law not preempted by this part. This does not preclude
franchisors or franchise brokers from giving other non deceptive information
orally, visually, or in separate literature so long as such information is not
contradictory to the information in the disclosure statement required by
paragraph (a) of this section. The disclosure statement shall carry a cover
sheet distinctively and conspicuously showing the name of the franchisor, the
date of issuance of the disclosure statement, and the following notice imprinted
thereon in upper and lower case bold-face type of not less than 12 point size:
Information for Prospective Franchisees
Required by Federal Trade Commission
* * *
To protect you, we've required your franchisor to give you this information. We
haven't checked it, and don't know if it's correct. It should help you make up
your mind. Study it carefully. While it includes some information about your
contract, don't rely on it alone to understand your contract. Read all of your
contract carefully. Buying a franchise is a complicated investment. Take your
time to decide. If possible, show your contract and this information to an
advisor, like a lawyer or an accountant. If you find anything important that's
been left out, you should let us know about it. It may be against the law.
There may also be laws on franchising in your state. Ask your state agencies
about them.
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, Washington, D.C.
Provided, That the obligation to furnish such disclosure statement shall be
deemed to have been met for both the franchisor and the franchise broker if
either such party furnishes the prospective franchisee with such disclosure
statement.
(22) All information contained in the disclosure statement shall be current as
of the close of the franchisor's most recent fiscal year. After the close of
each fiscal year, the franchisor shall be given a period not exceeding 90 days
to prepare a revised disclosure statement and, following such 90 days, may
distribute only the revised prospectus and no other. The franchisor shall,
within a reasonable time after the close of each quarter of the fiscal year,
prepare revisions to be attached to the disclosure statement to reflect any
material change in the franchisor or relating to the franchise business of the
franchisor, about which the franchisor or franchise broker, or any agent,
representative, or employee thereof, knows or should know. Each prospective
franchisee shall have in his or her possession, at the "time for making of
disclosures," the disclosure statement and quarterly revision for the period
most recent to the "time for making of disclosures" and available at that time.
Information which is required to be audited pursuant to paragraph (a)(20) of
this section is not required to be audited for quarterly revisions, Provided,
however, That the un-audited information be accompanied by a statement in
immediate conjunction therewith that clearly and conspicuously discloses that
such information has not been audited.
(23) A table of contents shall be included within the disclosure statement.
(24) The disclosure statement shall include a comment which either positively or
negatively responds to each disclosure item required to be in the disclosure
statement, by use of a statement which fully incorporates the information
required by the item. Each disclosure item therein must be preceded by the
appropriate heading, as set forth in Note 3 of this part.(b) To make any oral, written, or visual representation to a prospective
franchisee which states a specific level of potential sales, income, gross or
net profit for that prospective franchisee, or which states other facts which
suggest such a specific level, unless:
(1) At the time such representation is made, such representation is relevant to
the geographic market in which the franchise is to be located;
(2) At the time such representation is made, a reasonable basis exists for such
representation and the franchisor has in its possession material which
constitutes a reasonable basis for such representation, and such material is
made available to any prospective franchisee and to the Commission or its staff
upon reasonable demand.
Provided, further, That in immediate conjunction with such representation, the
franchisor shall disclose in a clear and conspicuous manner that such material
is available to the prospective franchisee; and Provided, however, That no
provision within paragraph (b) of this section shall be construed as requiring
the disclosure to any prospective franchisee of the identity of any specific
franchisee or of information reasonably likely to lead to the disclosure of such
person's identity; and Provided, further, That no additional representation as
to a prospective franchisee's potential sales, income, or profits may be made
later than the "time for making of disclosures";
(3) Such representation is set forth in detail along with the material bases and
assumptions therefore in a single legible written document whose text accurately,
clearly and concisely discloses such information, and none other than that
provided for by this part or by State law not preempted by this part. Each
prospective franchisee to whom the representation is made shall be furnished
with such document no later than the "time for making of disclosures";
Provided, however, That if the representation is made at or prior to a
"personal meeting" and such meeting occurs before the "time for making of
disclosures", the document shall be furnished to the prospective franchisee to
whom the representation is made at that "personal meeting";
(4) The following statement is clearly and conspicuously disclosed in the
document described by paragraph (b)(3) of this section in immediate conjunction
with such representation and in not less than twelve point upper and lower-case
boldface type;
CAUTION
These figures are only estimates of what we think you may earn. There is no
assurance you'll do as well. If you rely upon our figures, you must accept the
risk of not doing as well.
(5) The following information is clearly and conspicuously disclose in the
document described by paragraph (b)(3) of this section in immediate conjunction
with such representation:
(i) The number and percentage of outlets of the named franchise business which
are located in the geographic markets that form the basis for any such
representation and which are known to the franchisor or franchise broker to have
earned or made at least the same sales, income, or profits during a period of
corresponding length in the immediate past as those potential sales, income, or
profits represented; and
(ii) The beginning and ending dates for the corresponding time period referred
to by paragraph (b)(5)(i) of this section, Provided, however, That any
franchisor without prior franchising experience as to the named franchise
business so indicate such lack of experience in the document described in
paragraph (b)(3) of this section. Except, That representations of the sales,
income or profits of existing franchise outlets need not comply with this
paragraph (b).
(c) To make any oral, written or visual representation to a prospective
franchisee which states a specific level of sales, income, gross or net profits
of existing outlets (whether franchised or company-owned) of the named franchise
business, or which states other facts which suggest such a specific level,
unless:
(1) At the time such representation is made, such representation is relevant to
the geographic market in which the franchise is to be located;
(2) At the time such representation is made, a reasonable basis exists for such
representation and the franchisor has in its possession material which
constitutes a reasonable basis for such representation, and such material is
made available to any prospective franchisee and to the Commission or its staff
upon reasonable demand;
Provided, however, That in immediate conjunction with such representation, the
franchisor discloses in a clear and conspicuous manner that such material is
available to the prospective franchisee; and Provided, further, That no
provision within paragraph (c) of this section shall be construed as requiring
the disclosure to any prospective franchisee of the identity of any specific
franchisee or of information reasonably likely to lead to the disclosure of such
person's identity; and Provided, further, That no additional representation as
to the sales, income, or gross or net profits of existing outlets (whether
franchised or company-owned) of the named franchise business may be made later
than the "time for making of disclosures";
(3) Such representation is set forth in detail along with the material bases and
assumptions therefore in a single legible written document which accurately,
clearly and concisely discloses such information, and none other than that
provided for by this part or by State law not preempted by this part. Each
prospective franchisee to whom the representation is made shall be furnished
with such document no later than the "time for making of disclosures",
Provided, however, That if the representation is made at or prior to a "personal
meeting" and such meeting occurs before the "time for making of disclosures,"
the document shall be furnished to the prospective franchisee to whom the
representation is made at that "personal meeting";
(4) The underlying data on which the representation is based have been prepared
in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(5) The following statement is clearly and conspicuously disclosed in the
document described by paragraph (c)(3) of this section in immediate conjunction
with such representation, and in not less than twelve point upper and lower case
boldface type:
CAUTION
Some outlets have [sold] [earned] this amount. There is no assurance you'll do
as well. If you rely upon our figures; you must accept the risk of not doing as
well.
(6) The following information is clearly and conspicuously disclosed in the
document described by paragraph (c)(3) of this section in immediate conjunction
with such representation:
(i) The number and percentage of outlets of the named franchise business which
are located in the geographic markets that form the basis for any such
representation and which are known to the franchisor or franchise broker to have
earned or made at least the same sales, income, or profits during a period of
corresponding length in the immediate past as those sales, income, or profits
represented; and
(ii) The beginning and ending dates for the corresponding time period referred
to by paragraph (c)(6)(i) of this section,
Provided, however, That any franchisor without prior franchising experience as
to the named franchise business so indicate such lack of experience in the
document described in paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
(d) To fail to provide the following information within the document(s) required
by paragraphs (b)(3) and (c)(3) of this section whenever any representation is
made to a prospective franchisee regarding its potential sales, income, or
profits, or the sales, income, gross or net profits of existing outlets (whether
franchised or company-owned) of the named franchise business:
(1) A cover sheet distinctively and conspicuously showing the name of the
franchisor, the date of issuance of the document and the following notice
imprinted thereon in upper and lower case boldface type of not less than twelve
point size:
INFORMATION FOR PROSPECTIVE FRANCHISEES ABOUT FRANCHISE [SALES] [INCOME]
[PROFIT] REQUIRED BY THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION.
To protect you, we've required the franchisor to give you this information. We
haven't checked it and don't know if it's correct. Study these facts and figures
carefully. If possible, show them to someone who can advise you, like a lawyer
or an accountant. Then take your time and think it over.
If you find anything you think may be wrong or anything important that's been
left out, let us know about it. It may be against the law.
There may also be laws on franchising in your State. Ask your State agencies
about them.
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, Washington, D.C.
(2) A table of contents.
Provided, however, That each prospective franchisee to whom the representation
is made shall be notified at the "time for making of disclosures" of any
material change (about which the franchisor, franchise broker, or any of the
agents, representatives, or employees thereof, knows or should know) in the
information contained in the document(s) described by paragraphs (b)(3) and
(c)(3) of this section.(e) To make any oral, written, or visual representation for general
dissemination (not otherwise covered by paragraph (b) or (c) of this section)
which states a specific level of sales, income, gross or net profits, either
actual or potential, of existing or prospective outlets (whether franchised or
company-owned) of the named franchise business or which states other facts which
suggest such a specific level, unless:
(1) At the time such representation is made, a reasonable basis exists for such
representation and the franchisor has in its possession material which
constitutes a reasonable basis for such representation and which is made
available to the Commission or its staff upon reasonable demand;
(2) The underlying data on which each representation of sales, income or profit
for existing outlets is based have been prepared in accordance with generally
accepted accounting principles;
(3) In immediate conjunction with such representation, there shall be clearly
and conspicuously disclosed the number and percentage of outlets of the named
franchise business which the franchisor or the franchise broker knows to have
earned or made at least the same sales, income, or profits during a period of
corresponding length in the immediate past as those sales, income, or profits
represented, and the beginning and ending dates for said time period;
(4) In immediate conjunction with each such representation of potential sales,
income or profits, the following statement shall be clearly and conspicuously
disclosed:
CAUTION
These figures are only estimates; there is no assurance you'll do as well. If
you rely upon our figures, you must accept the risk of not doing as well.
Provided, however, That if such representation is not based on actual experience
of existing outlets of the named franchise business, that fact also should be
disclosed;
(5) No later than the earlier of the first "personal meeting" or the "time for
making of disclosures," each prospective franchisee shall be given a single,
legible written document which accurately, clearly and concisely sets forth the
following information and materials (and none other than that provided for by
this part or by State law not preempted by this part):
(i) The representation, set forth in detail along with the material bases and
assumptions therefore;
(ii) The number and percentage of outlets of the named franchise business which
the franchisor or the franchise broker knows to have earned or made at least the
same sales, income or profits during a period of corresponding length in the
immediate past as those sales, income, or profits represented, and the beginning
and ending dates for said time period;
(iii) With respect to each such representation of sales, income, or profits of
existing outlets, the following statement shall be clearly and conspicuously
disclosed in immediate conjunction therewith, printed in not less than 12 point
upper and lower case boldface type:
CAUTION
Some outlets have [sold] [earned] this amount. There is no assurance you'll do
as well. If you rely upon our figures, you must accept the risk of not doing as
well.
(iv) With respect to each such representation of potential sales, income, or
profits, the following statement shall be clearly and conspicuously disclosed in
immediate conjunction therewith, printed in not less than 12 point upper and
lower case boldface type:
CAUTION
These figures are only estimates. There is no assurance that you'll do as well.
If you rely upon our figures, you must accept the risk of not doing as well.
(v) If applicable, a statement clearly and conspicuously disclosing that the
franchisor lacks prior franchising experience as to the named franchise
business;
(vi) If applicable, a statement clearly and conspicuously disclosing that the
franchisor has not been in business long enough to have actual business data;
(vii) A cover sheet, distinctively and conspicuously showing the name of the
franchisor, the date of issuance of the document, and the following notice
printed thereon in not less than 12 point upper and lower case boldface type:
INFORMATION FOR PROSPECTIVE FRANCHISEES ABOUT FRANCHISE [SALES] [INCOME]
[PROFIT] REQUIRED BY THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
To protect you, we've required the franchisor to give you this information. We
haven't checked it and don't know if it's correct. Study these facts and figures
carefully. If possible, show them to someone who can advise you, like a lawyer
or an accountant. If you find anything you think may be wrong or anything
important that's been left out, let us know about it. It may be against the law.
There may also be laws about franchising in your State.
Ask your State agencies about them.
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, Washington, D.C.
(viii) A table of contents;(6) Each prospective franchisee shall be notified at the "time for making of
disclosures" of any material changes that have occurred in the information
contained in this document. (f) To make any claim or representation which is contradictory to the
information required to be disclosed by this part.
(g) To fail to furnish the prospective franchisee with a copy of the
franchisor's franchise agreement and related agreements with the document, and a
copy of the completed franchise and related agreements intended to be executed
by the parties at least 5 business days prior to the date the agreements are to
be executed.
Provided, however, That the obligations defined in paragraphs (b) through (g) of
this section shall be deemed to have been met for both the franchisor and the
franchise broker if either such person furnishes the prospective franchisee with
the written disclosures required thereby.
(h) To fail to return any funds or deposits in accordance with any conditions
disclosed pursuant to paragraph (a)(7) of this section.
16 CFR 436.2
As used in this part, the following definitions shall apply:
(a) The term "franchise" means any continuing commercial relationship created by
any arrangement or arrangements whereby:
(1)(i)(A) a person (hereinafter "franchisee") offers, sells, or distributes to
any person other than a "franchisor" (as hereinafter defined), goods,
commodities, or services which are:
(1) Identified by a trademark, service mark, trade name, advertising or other
commercial symbol designating another person (hereinafter "franchisor" ); or
(2) Indirectly or directly required or advised to meet the quality standards
prescribed by another person (hereinafter " franchisor" ) where the franchisee
operates under a name using the trademark, service mark, tradename, advertising
or other commercial symbol designating the franchisor; and
(B) (1) The franchisor exerts or has authority to exert a significant degree of
control over the franchisee's method of operation, including but not limited to,
the franchisee's business organization, promotional activities, management,
marketing plan or business affairs; or(2) The franchisor gives significant assistance to the franchisee in the
latter's method of operation, including, but not limited to, the franchisee's
business organization, management, marketing plan, promotional activities, or
business affairs; Provided, however, That assistance in the franchisee's
promotional activities shall not, in the absence of assistance in other areas of
the franchisee's method of operation, constitute significant assistance; or
(ii)(A) A person (hereinafter "franchisee") offers, sells, or distributes to any
person other than a "franchisor" (as hereinafter defined), goods, commodities,
or services which are:
(1) Supplied by another person (hereinafter "franchisor" ), or
(2) Supplied by a third person (e.g., a supplier) with whom the franchisee is
directly or indirectly required to do business by another person (hereinafter "
franchisor" ); or
(3) Supplied by a third person (e.g., a supplier) with whom the franchisee is
directly or indirectly advised to do business by another person (hereinafter "
franchisor" ) where such third person is affiliated with the franchisor; and
(B) The franchisor:
(1) Secures for the franchisee retail outlets or accounts for said goods,
commodities, or services; or
(2) Secures for the franchisee locations or sites for vending machines, rack
displays, or any other product sales display used by the franchisee in the
offering, sale, or distribution of said goods, commodities, or services; or
(3) Provides to the franchisee the services of a person able to secure the
retail outlets, accounts, sites or locations referred to in paragraph
(a)(1)(ii)(B) (1) and (2) above; and
(2) The franchisee is required as a condition of obtaining or commencing the
franchise operation to make a payment or a commitment to pay to the franchisor,
or to a person affiliated with the franchisor.
(3) Exemptions. The provisions of this part shall not apply to a franchise:
(i) Which is a "fractional franchise"; or
(ii) Where pursuant to a lease, license, or similar agreement, a person offers,
sells, or distributes goods, commodities, or services on or about premises
occupied by a retailer-grantor primarily for the retailer-grantor's own
merchandising activities, which goods, commodities, or services are not
purchased from the retailer-grantor or persons whom the lessee is directly or
indirectly: (A) required to do business with by the retailer-grantor, or (B)
advised to do business with by the retailer-grantor where such person is
affiliated with the retailer-grantor; or
(iii) Where the total of the payments referred to in paragraph (a)(2) of this
section made during a period from any time before to within 6 months after
commencing operation of the franchisee's business, is less than $500; or
(iv) Where there is no writing which evidences any material term or aspect of
the relationship or arrangement.(4) Exclusions. The term "franchise" shall not be deemed to include any
continuing commercial relationship created solely by:
(i) The relationship between an employer and an employee, or among general
business partners; or
(ii) Membership in a bona fide "cooperative association"; or
(iii) An agreement for the use of a trademark, service mark, trade name, seal,
advertising, or other commercial symbol designating a person who offers on a
general basis, for a fee or otherwise, a bona fide service for the evaluation,
testing, or certification of goods, commodities, or services;
(iv) An agreement between a licensor and a single licensee to license a
trademark, trade name, service mark, advertising or other commercial symbol
where such license is the only one of its general nature and type to be granted
by the licensor with respect to that trademark, tradename, service mark,
advertising, or other commercial symbol.(5) Any relationship which is represented either orally or in writing to be a
franchise (as defined in this paragraphs (a) (1) and (2) of this section) is
subject to the requirements of this part. (b) The term "person" means any individual, group, association, limited or
general partnership, corporation, or any other business entity.
(c) The term " franchisor" means any person who participates in a franchise
relationship as a franchisor, as denoted in paragraph (a) of this section.
(d) The term "franchisee" means any person: (1) who participates in a franchise
relationship as a franchisee, as denoted in paragraph (a) of this section, or
(2) to whom an interest in a franchise is sold.
(e) The term "prospective franchisee" includes any person, including any
representative, agent, or employee of that person, who approaches or is
approached by a franchisor or franchise broker, or any representative, agent, or
employee thereof, for the purpose of discussing the establishment, or possible
establishment, of a franchise relationship involving such a person.
(f) The term "business day" means any day other than Saturday, Sunday, or the
following national holidays: New Year's Day, Washington's Birthday, Memorial
Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans' Day, Thanksgiving, and
Christmas.
(g) The term "time for making of disclosures" means ten (10) business days prior
to the earlier of: (1) the execution by a prospective franchisee of any
franchise agreement or any other agreement imposing a binding legal obligation
on such prospective franchisee, about which the franchisor, franchise broker, or
any agent, representative, or employee thereof, knows or should know, in
connection with the sale or proposed sale of a franchise, or (2) the payment by
a prospective franchisee, about which the franchisor, franchise broker, or any
agent, representative, or employee thereof, knows or should know, of any
consideration in connection with the sale or proposed sale of a franchise.
(h) The term "fractional franchise" means any relationship, as denoted by
paragraph (a) of this section, in which the person described therein as a
franchisee, or any of the current directors or executive officers thereof, has
been in the type of business represented by the franchise relationship for more
than 2 years and the parties anticipated, or should have anticipated, at the
time the agreement establishing the franchise relationship was reached, that the
sales arising from the relationship would represent no more than 20 percent of
the sales in dollar volume of the franchisee.
(i) The term "affiliated person" means a person (as defined in paragraph (b) of
this section):
(1) Which directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common
control with, a franchisor; or
(2) Which directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, 10
percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of a franchisor; or
(3) Which has, in common with a franchisor, one or more partners, officers,
directors, trustees, branch managers, or other persons occupying similar status
or performing similar functions.(j) The term "franchise broker" means any person other than a franchisor or a
franchisee who sells, offers for sale, or arranges for the sale of a franchise.
(k) The term "sale of a franchise" includes a contract or agreement whereby a
person obtains a franchise or interest in a franchise for value by purchase,
license, or otherwise. This term shall not be deemed to include the renewal or
extension of an existing franchise where there is no interruption in the
operation of the franchised business by the franchisee, unless the new contracts
or agreements contain material changes from those in effect between the
franchisor and franchisee prior thereto.
(l) A "cooperative association" is either (1) an association of producers of
agricultural products authorized by section 1 of the Capper-Volstead Act, 7
U.S.C. 291; or (2) an organization operated on a cooperative basis by and for
independent retailers which wholesales goods or furnishes services primarily to
its member-retailers.
(m) The term "fiscal year" means the franchisor's fiscal year.
(n) The terms "material," "material fact," and "material change" shall include
any fact, circumstance, or set of conditions which has a substantial likelihood
of influencing a reasonable franchisee or a reasonable prospective franchisee in
the making of a significant decision relating to a named franchise business or
which has any significant financial impact on a franchisee or prospective
franchisee.
(o) The term "personal meeting" means a face-to-face meeting between a
franchisor or franchise broker (or any agent, representative, or employee
thereof) and a prospective franchisee which is held for the purpose of
discussing the sale or possible sale of a franchise.
16 CFR 436.3
If any provision of this part or its application to any person, act, or practice
is held invalid, the remainder of the part or the application of its provisions
to any person, act, or practice shall not be affected thereby.
NOTE 1: The Commission expresses no opinion as to the legality of any practice
mentioned in this part. A provision for disclosure should not be construed as
condonation or approval with respect to the matter required to be disclosed, nor
as an indication of the Commission's intention not to enforce any applicable
statute.
NOTE 2: By taking action in this area, the Federal Trade Commission does not
intend to annul, alter, or affect, or exempt any person subject to the
provisions of this part from complying with the laws or regulations of any
State, municipality, or other local government with respect to franchising
practices, except to the extent that those laws or regulations are inconsistent
with any provision of this part, and then only to the extent of the
inconsistency. For the purposes of this part, a law or regulation of any State,
municipality, or other local government is not inconsistent with this part if
the protection such law or regulation affords any prospective franchisee is
equal to or greater than that provided by this part. Examples of provisions
which provide protection equal to or greater than that provided by this part
include laws or regulations which require more complete record keeping by the
franchisor or the disclosure of more complete information to the franchisee.
NOTE 3: [As per § 436.1(a)(24) of this part]:
DISCLOSURE STATEMENT
Pursuant to 16 CFR 436.1 et seq., a Trade Regulation Rule of the Federal Trade
Commission regarding Disclosure Requirements and Prohibitions Concerning
Franchising and Business Opportunity Ventures, the following information is set
forth on [name of franchisor] for your examination:
1. Identifying information as to franchisor.
2. Business experience of franchisor's directors and executive officers.
3. Business experience of the franchisor.
4. Litigation history.
5. Bankruptcy history.
6. Description of franchise.
7. Initial funds required to be paid by a franchisee.
8. Recurring funds required to be paid by a franchisee.
9. Affiliated persons the franchisee is required or advised to do business with
by the franchisor.
10. Obligations to purchase.
11. Revenues received by the franchisor in consideration of purchases by a
franchisee.
12. Financing arrangements.
13. Restriction of sales.
14. Personal participation required of the franchisee in the operation of the
franchise.
15. Termination, cancellation, and renewal of the franchise.
16. Statistical information concerning the number of franchises (and
company-owned outlets).
17. Site selection.
18. Training programs.
19. Public figure involvement in the franchise.
20. Financial information concerning the franchisor
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SOURCE: 43 FR 59614, Dec. 21, 1978
AUTHORITY: 38 Stat. 717, as amended, 15 U.S.C. 41-58 |
